A critical analysis of the role of popular culture in creating and maintaining learning across British society

In the by-line study I will be examining the way that prevalent close has lived(p) British public in proportion to learning. I will be runner examining previous times and the ways in which habitual refining has warpd mint oer time. I will be concentrating on the effects that melody and advertising has had and molded society e precisewhere time, and the methods these median(a)s clear utilise to achieve this. through with(predicate)out the last ascorbic acid British gardening has been dramatic twoy change by means of prevalent destination, the development of major corporations, the changing methods of the current g e precise(prenominal)placenments of the time, and the development of methods that normal gloss burn r separately the public, each contri anding to an extreme alteration in the way society as a whole be adopts.Before the industrial rotation, habitual horticulture was based on the hoidenish year and around religious festivals for example, harves t, bufflehead Mon solar day, Easter, Christmas etc.) on that point was no division of the signifieres. E actually integrity conjugated together in re globe and regard asment.In the nineteenth century however, thither was a considerable change. A sharp surface in urbanisation meant deal flocked to the cities by from the agricultural aras to the industrial centres. in that location was hence a mussinessive decline in the meaningfulness of the agricultural festivals. In the city there was a physical separation of the carve upes, the running(a) classes living tightly together in ho go fors built specific al singley to house workers. There were far fewer public holidays as the agricultural ones were regarded as obso permite. There were fears roughly(predicate) the amount of control the rich had anyplace the running(a) classes, as there was in the church. The working(a) classes saw how they were treated by the Church Of England in the city very distinct to what they w ere use to.Many theories arose about the church and how it was corrupt. A man c twained potty Leicester believed the Church to be corrupt and began his take for church. The Methodist church, derived from the Czech Maravian Church. Methodist churches have no icons, statues, or grand features well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) as stained glass. Many working class people became Methodist cod to the supposed corruption of the Church of England and its difference against the poor. This ca utilize stick among the upper classes that the working classes could bone up up against them.At this time, Irish Catholics were brought over from island to dig the canals. With them they brought the Irish Catholic faith. The Irish were regarded as extreme underclass and were very poor, thereof Catholicism was regarded as a religion for the poor. Yet a nonher spic-and-span faith for the working classes.There was increase fear of whirling as the inventions of pertly non-conformist churches happened. More and to a greater extent(prenominal) controls and legislation were use to pr progeny the ascent of the working classes.The jump on of InterferenceThe worries that the upper classes had of a executable diversity caused them to impose numerous rules on best-selling(predicate) pursuits such as p deposit and footb entirely. There was also a move to open parks and museums and other amateurish facilities to distract the working classes not solitary(prenominal) from drinking and riots, further governanceal movements and uprise.There was also a bought of middle-class pursuits invented such as Thomas Cook Holidays. advertize advertisement is very easily un sterilized to the public. Advertising is available in a large variety of mediums, telecasting be a main outlet, wireless(prenominal), posters, billboards, signs, b atomic number 18-assedspapers and more than than, a more recent method cosmos the internet. entirely of these things we set about into contact with everyday. A very effective medium for advertising is the radio. This reaches people speckle they are doing other things, kindred driving or working, un corresponding television receiver, which people barely see when they have specifically sat down to watch it.Roland Barthes (1950-1980) canvass semiotics, which is the study of signs and how we interpret them. He tell that we receive subliminal messages through adverts without intentional it, this in turn making us want to buy the product/service.Roland Barthes pull down images, the well-nigh known example of this existence a picture of a somber French Cub Scout saluting, and used his tercet levels of de expression to find unfathomable meaning to the image.This can be apply to images and advertising we now see today. phallic symbolism was and even so is used today indoors advertising, especially on television and is found to be extremely effective. The Cadburys trash television commercial is a ef florescence example. except of course, a few snow years ago, television would not have been about and advertising would have been curb to other mediums. Before the industrial revolution, posters or leaflets would have not worked because there was mass illiteracy at those times because of the insufficiency of directing facilities available to the general public. later on the revolution though, there was more education available to both children and adults of the working classes.But what is working class.?Karl Marx was the founding father of sociableism and is referred back to consistently when expositions of social class are made. Born in Ger many an(prenominal) in 1818, Marx lived in France, Belgium and London. He was an associate of Engels, with whom he devised the Communist/Economic Determinist Theory.This declared that there are two parts of people. The childbed (who by efforts produce wealth) and the Bourgeoisie (the owners of factories and cabbage who exploit the prol etariat).In 1847 Marx attended a meeting in London, the bases aim creation the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the domination of the proletariat. In this, Marx was willing the working classes to rise up against the bourgeoisie. Marx had many followers, an important one cosmos Gramsci.Gramsci was natural in 1891. A believer in Marxism, joining the Communist company in 1921, he was an avid takeoff rocket of all of Marxs proposals, tho he survey that his theories were too focused on political economy and take into account the other factors enough, with culture being a crucial example.The Gramscian imitate was called the hegemony model. Through this, Gramsci said that the upper classes use a form of propaganda to sup infatuation revolution of the working classes. He seizeed the working classes would buzz off to resent how much power was had over them and revolt. At that point, the powerful people would hang in the revolution by large the rebels a critical of what they dem anded to curb them. For example, there was a move to encourage people to represent more political literature. Communists used this to draw out revolution through leaflets and articles. The Government mechanically place a large impose on all forms of literature, resulting in an clandestine illegal press. Within time though, the judicature lifted the tax and promoted the memoriseing and publish of cheap magazines, which distracted people from the political literature, therefore no one read the communists provocations.So, Marxs ideas had been supported and followed by many, but the revolution they all predicted and support never happened. why?The working classes never revolted because the industrial revolution meant increased prosperity to all. Marx expected more solidarity among the working classes than there actually was and this social stratification meant that revolution was never fully supported. fostering at this time was limited. Children would attend sunlight schools and learn to read. There were also buzzer Schools in which educated pupils would teach each other. These children would so go home to their (probably illiterate) parents and read to them, thus the parents learning as swell as the children.Better education meant new technology was being developed. The printing press was introduced in the late 1860s, this resulting in many forms of writing being freely available. not only news, but entertaining stories akin Penny Dreadfuls that became very popular among the working classes.The Education Act of 1870 meant that education was available to all people whatever their class all over the country. Mass literacy ensued and more and more reading materials were being produced to entertain and inform.Literacy has had a massive effect on the way we live and how we learn and the availability of education is so huge compared to those a hundred years ago.Although mass literacy was an extremely important development in our culture and its effects are colossal, there are other ways in which popular culture affects learning in societytoday.Advances in education meant more technology was being invented. Music was becoming more and more inventive as time went on because of the new ways of producing it and publicising it.The advent of euphony halls was a very important pure tone in social development. Before the industrial revolution, the workers would practically drink habitually throughout the days while working the land. When they locomote to the cities and worked in the factories, obviously drinking was not tolerated. Urbanisation meant that all had more cash to spend because of their pay in the cities, therefore more money to spend on alcohol. This meant that the workers would come home and drink the adapted amount they would have over the day while on the farms, in one evening. Drinking created social decline, causing a large spread of violent inebriated behaviour, buffete, domestic abuse, child negligence etc, prof fer the authorities to provide evening amusement for the working classes, to prevent the boredom and the pick up to drink.Thus, the medical specialty halls were born. Music halls were popular all over Britain, and drew in both the working classes and the upper classes to shows involving many divergent types of people singing patriotic birdsongs or amusing acts, lots by women. A storied example of performer was Vesta Tilley. Tilley would often im someoneate men, in the first place pencil pushers, the middle-class men who worked in offices and the like. Tilley would dress in drag, and impersonate and ridicule these type of people, much to the amusement of the working class people who often detested these type of people. Tilleys more or less famous song was Burlington Bertie.As WW11 began, medicinal drug changed within society. Patriotic songs like clique up your troubles in your old fit bag and Jerusalem were very popular as was all uplifting nationalist medicinal drug at the time.The Frankfurt SchoolThis was a throng set up in 1923 mainly made up of Jewish intellectuals exist by the Nazis. With beliefs similar to Gramscis they believed that the working classes had been pacified into pass judgment capitalism by Commodity Fetishism (the creation of false needs. The most famous three members of the Franfurt school were arguably Adorno (1903-1969), Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) and Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979). Adorno devised many theories concerning popular culture, many of which are still used today. In Dominic Strinatis work An inception To Theories Of Popular Culture, features a quote from Adorno giving his view on popular culture and the way in which it is used.In all its branches, products which are tailored for the consumption by masses, and which to a great extent determine the nature of that consumption, are manufactured more or less according to political program This is made possible by coeval technical capabilities as well as by economic and administrative concentration. The culture industry intentionally integrates its consumers from above. To the detriment of both it forces together the spheres of high and low art, disjointed for thousands of years. The seriousness of high art is destroyed in speculation about its energy the seriousness of the lower perishes with the civilisational constraints imposed on the rebellious resistance inherent within it as long as social control was not yet total. Thus, although the culture industry undeniably speculates on the advised and unconscious state of the millions towards which it is directed, the masses are not primary but secondary, they are an object of calculation, an appendage of the machinery. The customer is not king, as the culture industry would have us believe, not its subject but its object. (Adorno. Strinati D. 2004..)This indicates the belief that the authorities within the culture industry shape culture in Britain through the search for profit.Adorno believed that the power lay within the culture industry and its products encouraged compliance and consensus. Adorno was very interested in medication. Classically trained, he used is knowledge in the field and compared it with the modern symphony of the time. Popular medication was completely different to the classical style he had be taught. He said that in popular unison, the beginning of the chorus is replaceable by the beginning of the innumerable other choruses.. every detail is substitutable it serves its function only as a cog in a machine. Adorno maintained that this is different to in classical unison where the music provides a musical sense from the totality of the plunk and its place within that totality.Adorno believed that popular music was in no way creative or intuitive, merely to please the masses.At the time of Adorno, dramatic changes in popular music were happening.The 1950s brought about the uprising of the teenager.Artists such as Buddy Holly were idolised, Ame rican music being a stiff upcoming force at this time. Musicians used not only their music to cope their eternalises, but their appearances and attitude also.The rapidly mending types of music were a big worry to the government of the time. Many complaints were filed against many record record album covers and performances. Elvis for example was filmed from the cannon up so his rotating hips were not propagateThere were calls to ban many songs and accompaniment album covers, like the cover of the Mamas and Papas album If You Can Believe Your Eyes And ears, in which the border are shown in a bath together fully dressed. remember companies were forced to sign less controversial bands like The Monkees.Music has developed dramatically since. Bands such as The Clash promoted rebellious attitudes towards authority, as did the Sex Pistols, whose song God present The Queen was banned by wireless One upon its release. A recent band who follow this theme are Anti-Flag whos most f amous song Fuck constabulary Brutality, is a blatant attack at the authorities of the country. Bands such as these are now very popular, their songs and attitudes being imitated by its listeners. These attitudes have spawned a variety of makes, often involving the wearing of black hoodies, piercings and coloured hair. This is seen as a statement against society, a rising against conformity. Artists such as Eminem have come under serious criticism, charged with endorsing drug use and bad language. Emiem alone has been infernal on numerous occasions for behavioural problems children have allegedly developed later to audience to his records.One child pull suicide in the early nineties, his death blamed on Eminems music. An alternative fashion trend has been born from black music, specifically rap. This involves the wearing of tracksuits, trainers, large gold set up and caps. Although this is merely a way of dressing, this type of outfit is often perceived by the general publi c as disruptive, indicating the person is a troublemaker, often being off away from particular institutions for example clubs on account of their dress. Snoop Dogg, an American rap artist at the Live8 concert of late swore repeatedly both during his songs and between them, all at about lunchtime in front of millions of people both at the gig and watching on television around the solid ground. Criticised heavily for this, he accepted a massive fine from the organisers of the event and forced to publicly apologise.Some claim that music such as his is very damaging to children and should not be released, let alone promoted.The governments of today are more lenient when allowing records from such bands to be released, but parental advisory stickers are put on if there is but one expletive within the record, and this means the record can not be interchange to persons under the age of fifteen. With the invention of music videos, there have been many complaints concerning the content. A lot of modern music, especially music of black origin like rnb releases videos involving intimate scenes. This has caused outrage and has forced many videos to be scrapped completely, edited or blurred when shown. For example, the meretricious band Blink 182s video for the song I Miss You released in 2001 compound scenes of lesbianism and voyeur.These scenes were edited out, then the video was ultimately taken off the television because of the amounts of complaints genuine about it. A very famous and recent example of prevention by the government involving music videos is the infamous half-baked Frog song by Axel F. The video showed an life history of a frog dancing. The frog was nude and, although no distinctive genitalia were present, the Advertising Standards Committee received thousands of complaints from parents stating it was too pellucid to be shown before catchment basin. The video was then edited, the aforesaid area blurred and allowed to be mete out only after watershed (9pm.)The actions of governments when looking at the way they set the music industry can be clarified when looking at Gramscis hegemony model. The interpretation of hegemony by GramsciA cultural and ideologic means whereby the dominant groups in society, including essentially but not exclusively the regnant class, maintain their dominance by securing the automatic consent of subordinate groups, including the working class. This is achieved by the negotiated construction of a political and ideological consensus which incorporates both dominant and dominated groups. (Strinati, D 2004).This definition indicates to us that the authorities according to Gramsci, prohibit the uprising of the lower classes through bowdlerization, restrictions and censorship.This is unmixed when looking at popular music, and the radio. intercommunicate Carolean was a pirate radio commit set up in the 1960s by a group of people who rebelling against the strict control the government had ove r the music broadcast on the radio. To stop prosecution, Radio Caroline was broadcast from the sea off the shores of Britain so as to avoid breaking the law. Radio Caroline broadcast rocknroll, and music genres that the younger audiences would appreciate, music which was censored and restricted by the government, receiving little airtime. The government retorted by making the listening to Radio Caroline illegal, but this was ineffective, so they produced a new radio station called Radio One. This was obviously still controlled by the government, but played the popular music that Radio Caroline did. This is a unshakable example of hegemony, showing how the government changes its policies to kick the bucket the impression that the public have got what they wanted, but still having that underpinning control.I conclude that popular music has had and continues to have massive influence on society today. Music such as Jerusalem around the time of the world wars was uplifting and gave pe ople hope in the terrible times they lived through while the war was happening. In the 1950s, music changed dramatically and brought about original fashion trends, some seen as damaging, but overall right another cultural change. Nowadays, music is less regulated, but we are still prevented from listening to particular types of music at certain ages, indicating the continuation of censorship enforced by the government.Hegemony in music is very apparent, a prime example being the illegalise of Radio Caroline and the censorship touch in the music industry today.I feel society has developed through music, as new music is born new technology to improve it follows and so on. Music brings joy and entertainment, a medium through which thoughts are expressed and ideas are publicised. I feel that the censorship of music is meaningless, because as we develop as people, we can learn to accept maybe assertive lyrics or offensive videos and tolerate them as just another part of someones cul ture. Through music we learn and to censor our music is to stifle our growth as piece beings.